Building a Wheelchair Ramp to Code

Choosing the Location and Route

finding the right location for your ramp is crucial. It should provide a clear, safe, and direct route to the entrance. Avoid placing it where it could be obscured, prone to slipping, or blocked by snow or debris. If possible, choose a shady spot to reduce heat buildup in sunny weather.

Consider the approach to the ramp as well. It should be level and firm, with a stable surface, and present no barriers to users. If the ramp leads to a doorway, ensure there's sufficient maneuvering space inside for a wheelchair to turn around.

Designing the Ramp

Your ramp's design should be smooth and continuous, with no abrupt changes in level or direction. It's recommended to have a cross-slope no greater than 1:20 to prevent wheelchairs from rolling off the ramp. Additionally, steep ramps should ideally have handrails on both sides for safety.

When designing, keep in mind that ramp surfaces should be slip-resistant, firm, and stable. They should also be easy to traverse with a wheelchair, with no obstructions like cracks, holes, or damaged surfaces. Treads, like those found on stairs, are not recommended for ramps as they can catch on wheelchair wheels.

Building the Ramp

With planning out of the way, it's time to start building your ramp. The construction method will depend on the chosen ramp design. Common materials include wood, steel, aluminum, and concrete. Always ensure the materials used are durable, weather-resistant, and capable of supporting the intended load.

Regardless of the material chosen, proper construction techniques are crucial. For wood, use pressure-treated lumber for outdoor use to resist rot. Steel and aluminum should be sufficiently thick to support the load and withstand corrosion. Concrete ramps should be reinforced and properly cured to prevent cracking.

Constructing the Ramp Frame

Begin by building the ramp's frame. For a simple, straight ramp, this might involve creating a rectangular base. For more complex designs, you may need to build stringers or supports for each tread. Ensure all components are level, square, and properly aligned.

When building the frame, ensure it's sturdy and strong enough to support the intended load. This includes not only the user's weight but also any additional forces, like those exerted when pushing or braking. Always follow the manufacturer's instructions when using Ufer construction techniques or pre-made ramp kits.

Installing the Ramp Surface

Once the frame is complete, install the ramp's surface. This could be a sheet of plywood, a roll of vinyl, or a poured concrete cap. Ensure the surface is even, smooth, and free from imperfections. It should also be securely attached to the frame, with fasteners regularly spaced to prevent the surface from warping or buckling.

Besides being smooth and level, the ramp surface should also be slip-resistant. This can be achieved with traction strips, textured surfaces, or non-slip coatings. Ensure the chosen method is compatible with your ramp's surface material and the needs of your users.

Adding Safety Features

A ramp without appropriate safety features can lead to accidents. Incorporating the following elements can make your ramp safer and more user-friendly.

• Handrails: Werecommended on both sides of ramps steeper than 1:20. Handrails should be continuous and extend beyond the ramp's top and bottom landings.
• Edges: Protect the ramp's edges with 2x2 or 2x4 cleats to prevent wheelchair wheels from sliding off.
• Lighting: Proper lighting is essential for safe navigation, especially in low-vision or nighttime conditions.
• Signage: Inform users of the ramp's presence and any relevant instructions with clearly visible signage.

Installing Handrails

Handrails should be easy to grasp and provide adequate support. They should have a continuous, smooth surface with no sharp or abrasive elements. The ADA recommends handrails be between 1.5 and 2.5 inches in diameter and have a height of about 34 inches measured vertically from the leading edge of the tread.

Handrails should be mounted so that their side nearest the ramp is no more than 4.5 inches measured horizontally from the leading edge of the tread. This allows users to grasp the handrail and the ramp simultaneously, providing the most stable grip. Always adhere to these dimensions to ensure your handrails are safe and helpful to users.

Other Safety Considerations

Besides handrails, there are other safety features to consider. If your ramp is exposed to the elements, consider using materials resistant to extreme temperatures, moisture, and sunlight. In areas prone to snow and ice, plan for regular maintenance to keep the ramp clear and safe.

If your ramp has a turning platform or switchback, ensure it's wide enough for users to safely navigate the turn. Always consider the needs of users when planning and building your ramp, and don't hesitate to consult with disability organizations or accessibility experts for further guidance.

Building a wheelchair ramp to code requires careful planning and meticulous construction. By following the guidelines outlined in this article, you can ensure your ramp is safe, accessible, and compliant with relevant building codes and ADA standards. Remember, the effort you put into planning and building your ramp today can greatly improve accessibility and safety for years to come. So, grab your tools and let's build a ramp that truly makes a difference!